Come to know about HIV, AIDS

Come to know about HIV / AIDS’

AIDS is rapidly spreading in third world countries and comprehensive policy is needed to check its spread. Pakistan having low prevalence of the HIV/AIDS can prevent its rapid spread by mass awareness campaign, as the medical science has not succeeded in preparing its vaccine or curative therapy. These views were expressed by Special Education Minister Dr. Tahir Standing Committee for Health Punjab Chairman Dr. Muzaffar Ali sheikh and Pakistan Medical Society Chairman Dr Masood Akhtar sheikh, while addressing a workshop titled “ How to stop AIDS spread in third world countries,” under the auspices of Pakistan Medical Society here Tuesday. A group of the community workers was imparted master training about the disease.
Dr. Tahir Javed, speaking on this occasion, said that all the problems related to the HIV/AIDS would be thoroughly discussed with the experts. He stressed that such seminars are imparting updated information to the youth, who are misguided by hakeems and quacks.
In some of the African countries, AIDS is spreading like flu and common cold, as over 80 percent of the neonates are HIV positive in this region. Dr. Muzaffar sheikh said that the Punjab Government is providing better health care facilities of proper screening to the high risk groups even in the remotest parts. The government has made efforts to control AIDS effectively by providing the facility of free blood and AIDs screening tests to the people. Pakistan is one of those countries where AIDs is not yet much prevalent. It is the need of the hour that the people of the country should be informed about the causes of the spread of the HIV/AIDs and possible preventive measures.
Dr Masood Sheikh said that in the days to come, AIDS can emerge as a serious threat to people’s lives while prevention is the only weapon to counter it.
He said that PMS is chalking out a comprehensive plan for the public awareness under which seminars would be held in the educational institutions and populous areas. He urged the people to lead their lives in accordance to the teachings of Islam and restrict their sexual relations to their life partners. The AIDS awareness campaign should be extended to rural areas through union councils, he added.

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The egg protein was from the California sea snail named Aplysia californica, an animal that is frequently used by biologists in the process of fertilization. As we know, events occur at the molecular level when a sperm cell joins with an egg but these events are similar to those that are seen among the animals and humans too. The premier event that occurs is that a flood of calcium ions is released as a signal for the egg to begin to divide. The flood of the calcium ions is known to be controlled by a regulatory molecule, some kind of molecular switch, termed as a secondary messenger. The mentioned secondary messenger is synthesized inside the egg from the building blocks of DNA. It is known that the reaction requires a specialized protein known as ADP ribosyl cyclase. This is the protein that we were talking about in the beginning of our article. ADP ribosyl cyclase is the protein that was studied by the researchers at the Scripps. A three dimensional image was reconstructed after preparing the crystals of the protein and after scattering x-rays off them. The image reveals that two of the molecules combine together to create a hole or a molecular cavity between the proteins. In these holes or cavities, the protein traps the DNA building blocks and rearranges their pattern of chemical bonds to synthesize the messenger. In leukemia patients the white blood cells have a signaling protein called CD38 that for normal cells is present only in the early stages of the condition. It was noticed that molecule CD38 is similar to the cyclase protein that we discussed about earlier and that is why researchers think that CD38 molecules also pair up to create an internal cavity. The main difference between the cyclase and CD38 protein is that CD38 has a tail reaching across the cell membrane providing a means for it to transmit signals to inside the white cells. Researchers do hope that drugs targeted toward the cavity in CD#* could be useful in allowing the immune system to eliminate leukemia cells.
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They also commended the foresight of her parents who decided to save some of her umbilical cord on the off chance it might be needed later."There's a good chance the procedure saved her life. She is in remission and has an excellent chance of being cured," said Ammar Hayani, the pediatric oncologist who treated the youngster at Advocate Hope Children's Hospital in Oak Lawn, Ill.In 2003, the little girl was diagnosed with the most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and began long-term chemotherapy treatment.She quickly went into remission, but 10 months later the cancer was back, and this time it had spread to her spine, a worrying development that signaled the leukemia was a particularly aggressive kind that would probably not respond well to treatment, Hayani said.Her doctors responded with a more aggressive chemotherapy protocol and full-body radiation, and then looked around for ways to replace the blood system they had wiped out.Ordinarily they would have had to choose between a blood or bone marrow transplant from a family member or unrelated donor, but in this case, the family members were not a match.And rather than use material from an unrelated donor, with the corresponding risk of life-long complications, they opted to take the controversial and risky step of transplanting the girl's own cord blood, which had been frozen and stored at a private blood bank several years following her birth in 1999."We were in unchartered territory," said Hayani. "We couldn't predict with any certainty whether the operation would be successful. We had no concrete data, but the parents felt very comfortable with it, so we went ahead."The procedure was not without risk, because even though the cord blood was screened to ensure it did not contain any cancerous cells, the screening techniques are not 100 percent accurate, Hayani explained.Still, the child's parents weighed the risks and gambled that their daughter's own stem cells, contained in her cord blood, would benefit her more than stem cells harvested from the bone marrow or blood of strangers.The results so far suggest they made the right call, said Hayani who reported on the girl's case in a paper that appears in the January issue of the journal Pediatrics."It's hard to argue with success. Relapse seems very unlikely at this point, and she has an excellent quality of life, much better than if she had taken stem cells from a donor."By: Kerwin A. Chang
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Tuesday, December 4, 2007

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HIV and AIDS and Women.Today in the United States the HIV/AIDS epidemic represents a growing and persistent health threat to women, especially young women and women of color. Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women. In 2002, HIV infection was the leading cause of death for African American women aged 25 to 34 years and was among the four leading causes of death for African American women aged 20 to 24 and 35 to 44 years, as well as Hispanic women aged 35 to 44 years. Overall, in the same year, HIV infection was the 6th leading cause of death among all women aged 25 to 34 years and the 4th leading cause of death among all women aged 35 to 44 years.STATISTICSAIDS in 2003• An estimated 11,498 women had a diagnosis of AIDS, a number that represents 27% of the AIDS diagnoses.• The rate of AIDS diagnoses for African American women was approximately 25 times the rate for white women and 4 times the rate for Hispanic women.• African American and Hispanic women together represented about 25% of all US women, yet they account for 83% of AIDS diagnoses reported in 2003.• An estimated 88,815 women were living with AIDS, representing 22% of the estimated people living with AIDS. Diagnoses of AIDS in women, by race/ethnicity, 2003 (Note: excludes women from U.S. dependencies, possessions and associated nations.HIV/AIDS in 2004• Heterosexual contact was the source of 80% of these HIV infections.• Women accounted for 27% of the estimated diagnoses of HIV infection.• The number of estimated HIV diagnoses for women remained stable during 2000–2003.Diagnoses of HIV Infection in women, by risk, 2003RISK FACTORS AND BARRIERS TO PREVENTIONLack of Recognition of Partners’ RiskSome women may be unaware of their male partners’ risk for HIV infection (such as unprotected sex with multiple partners, sex with men, or injection drug use). Men who engage in sex both with men and women can acquire HIV from a male partner and can then transmit the virus to female partners.Sexual Inequality in Relationships with MenIt is speculated that some women may not insist on condom use out of fear that their partners will physically abuse them or leave them. Sexual inequality is a major issue in relationships between teenage girls and older men. In one CDC study of urban high schools, more than one third of African American and Hispanic female teenagers had their first sexual encounter with an older man. These teenagers, compared with teenagers whose partners were also teenagers, were younger at first sexual intercourse, were less likely to have used a condom during first and most recently reported intercourse, or were less likely to have used condoms consistently.Biologic Vulnerability and Sexually Transmitted DiseasesA woman is approximately twice as likely as a man to contract HIV infection during vaginal intercourse, according to the CDC. Additionally, the presence of a sexually transmitted disease greatly increases the likelihood of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. The rates of gonorrhea and syphilis are higher among women of color than among white women. These higher rates are especially marked in the younger age groups (15–24 years).Substance AbuseAn estimated one in five new HIV diagnoses for women is related to injection drug use. Sharing injection equipment contaminated with HIV is not the only risk associated with substance use. Women who smoke or snort crack cocaine or other noninjection drugs may also be at high risk for sexual transmission of HIV if they sell or trade sex for drugs. Also, both casual and chronic substance users are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, such as unprotected sex, when they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.Understanding HIV and AIDS DataUnderstanding AIDS surveillance: Through a uniform system, CDC receives reports of AIDS cases from all US states and territories. Since the beginning of the epidemic, these data have been used to monitor trends because they are representative of all areas. The data are statistically adjusted for reporting delays and for the redistribution of cases initially reported without risk. As treatment has become more available, trends in new AIDS diagnoses no longer accurately represent trends in new HIV infections; these data now represent persons who are tested late in the course of HIV infection, who have limited access to care, or in whom treatment has failed.HIV/AIDS: This term includes persons with a diagnosis of HIV infection (not AIDS), a diagnosis of HIV infection and a later diagnosis of AIDS, or concurrent diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS.By Adnan Ahmad Zia
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Learn About AIDS
Between 40,000 and 50,000 Americans become infected with HIV every year. Half of them are between the ages of 13 and 24. That means at least two teenagers and young adults in this country are infected with HIV every hour of every day.AIDS is a deficiency of the body's immune system to fight a variety of infections and cancers. AIDS is the final (and fatal) stage that results from the infection of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV is the most dangerous of all the STDs because there is still no cure or vaccine. New treatments have been developed to slow down the effects of the virus and people with AIDS are living longer than ever before, but it is still very deadly! Once you have the virus, you have it forever. Anyone is at risk for AIDS whether they are gay or straight. Initially AIDS was found mainly among gay men. But that group's infection rate has decreased through education and "safe sex". NOW the number of cases being reported at HIGH rates is among heterosexual young adults and teenagers.Recent studies show that 26% of sexually active teenagers think it’s impossible to get HIV through oral sex, and 15% more don't know whether people can contract HIV this way. The truth: it is possible.You cannot get AIDS from kissing, hugging, or holding hands.AIDS is NOT spread from sneezing, coughing, or toilet seats.You can't catch AIDS from sitting near, being friends with or talking to someone who has it.Mosquitoes, fleas and other bugs DO NOT transmit the AIDS virus.You cannot get AIDS from donating blood.HIV is scary stuff, and this is not meant to scare you. It’s meant to inform you. There is still no cure and no vaccine to prevent AIDS. Thankfully, the virus that causes AIDS isn’t easy to pass from one person to another. If you know someone who has AIDS you should not be afraid of friendly contact with them. They need all the friends and support they can get.Remember, one in 250 Americans is HIV positive; only one in 500 knows it.If you think you are at risk. Get tested. End of lecture
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Know about Skin Cancer........?

When you are young, skin cancer prevention is probably not on your list of top priorities. But it should be since skin cancer rates are continuing to rise each year. The excessive use of tanning beds and sunlamps can be a cause for the increase in skin cancer cases. These beds are not a safe replacement for sun exposure because they still omit harmful rays that could lead to skin cancer. It is also important to know where your highest risks lie for developing skin cancer because everyone has different skin types. Individuals with light skin, freckles or light colored hair are more susceptible to the sun's rays. It is also known that more cases of skin cancer show up in Caucasians than in African-Americans. Before going outside, it is also important to learn your family's history on skin cancer because this could increase your own risks.Sunscreen is recommended as a form of protection against the sun. The American Cancer Society urges the use of waterproof sunscreen that has an SPF15 or more of both UVA and UVB protection. You should also apply at least an ounce of sunscreen for your body twenty minutes before going out into the sun. Too often, individuals forget to re-apply their sunscreen after being exposed to harmful UVA and UVB rays. Also be sure to avoid the sun during 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. because this is when the sun's rays are most intense. Staying unprotected in the sun during this time is when you put yourself in the danger zone for damaging healthy skin cells. Proper skin cancer prevention should be practiced by everyone in your family, even babies. Doctors recommend babies that are six months or younger stay out of the sun. Teaching your children to be sun smart is important for their health too. Find shady areas when you take them outside to play and be sure they have the proper protection on. Clothing is another way to protect yourself and your family from harmful rays. Wear hats that have wide brims to cover all areas of your neck, ears, eyes and scalp. We protect ourselves from other potential harms in life by going to the doctor regularly or wearing our seatbelts while riding in a car. Although, it is easy to forget your skin needs good protection too. This is why skin cancer prevention is so important for everyone in your family. The sun's rays are nothing to toy around with and everyone should always use proper protection when going outside.


By Adnan Ashraf

What is Osteonecrosis

With osteonecrosis, a severe form of arthritis, the bone loses its supply of blood. The affected bones and joints disintegrate as the disease progresses, causing eventual death of the bone. Doctors are challenged in treating this condition in its early stages, because patients won't usually manifest symptoms until the disease has reached an advanced stage.Symptoms of OsteonecrosisThe most common symptoms of osteonecrosis are sensations of pain and stiffness following a period of physical activity. Many patients who develop osteonecrosis in the hip will experience concentrated pain in the groin area. In the early stages of the disease, pain is evident only when the affected area is in use. As the disease becomes more advanced, pain is felt even while the joint is at rest.DiagnosisA diagnosis of osteonecrosis can be made with the use of X-rays, but only in cases where the disease has progressed beyond the initial stages. Doctors can also detect tissue damage using an MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging machine. For some patients, a CAT scan is required to make a firm diagnosis.Osteonecrosis TreatmentAggressive treatment may be required to stop the disintegration of the joints. The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the better the chance that the affected areas can be saved. If the disease has progressed into the advanced stages, however, it may be too late to treat and save the damaged joints.Many cases of osteonecrosis will require one of several types of surgical intervention:* Core Decompression: This is a relatively simple procedure best reserved for cases where the symptoms are still fairly mild. The procedure consists of creating a hole to remove a thick layer of the affected bone. This helps increase blood flow to the bone, and reduces pressure.* Bone Grafting: A common yet complicated procedure used to support affected joints. During the grafting process, healthy bone is removed from one part of the body and used to replace dead bone in the affected area. This surgery is reserved for patients experiencing osteonecrosis in its final stage. Following a bone graft, the patient will be required to use an assistive device for up to a year after surgery, to promote healing.* Osteotomy: An osteotomy is performed by cutting the bone below the affected area. The doctor will turn the bone, causing the healthy bone to become the new weight-bearing area. This procedure is complicated and reserved for patients experiencing advanced osteonecrosis.* Arthoplasty: Also known as a total hip replacement, this surgery is only used when the entire hip socket has become diseased. The damaged hip is removed, and an artificial joint is inserted in place.If an osteonecrosis diagnosis is made soon enough, non-surgical treatment is possible. Doctors are able to choose to prescribed drug therapies to keep the disease from progressing. When combined with exercise and assistive devices, medications can be used successfully in less advanced cases. Today, researchers are working to produce new medications to promote the growth of new bone matter and increase blood flow to the damaged joints.Like most diseases, early detection is the key to successful treatment of osteonecrosis, however it is not easily diagnosed. If you feel that you may be experiencing the symptoms of osteonecrosis, ask your doctor to perform further tests. If diagnosed early enough, you may be able to treat the condition and relieve the symptoms without surgery.



By Adnan Ashraf

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On the other hand melanoma is one of the most serious forms of skin cancer mainly because it affects the deeper layers of skin and has a greater potential of spreading out to other tissues in your body. Squamous cell carcinoma also has the chances of spreading internally. There are more than one million estimated new cases of cancer each year with the annual rates constantly on the rise. This obviously has raised a large degree of concern for people all over the country.There are different types of skin cancer treatments available right now, but prevention is the best thing you can do. One of the most common ways to get rid of skin cancer is excision skin surgery. You can also opt for another common treatment called mohs micrographic surgery where the area of the growth is numbed prior to the procedure.Some have even estimated that nearly fifty percent of all Americans who live to be sixty five years old will develop skin cancer at least once. Skin cancer tends to show up on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms. The most dangerous type of skin cancer is melanoma, and luckily it is far less common. For localized melanoma the surviving rate for suffers is around ninety nine percent, while the survival rates for regional and distant stage diseases are at sixty five and fifteen.

By Adnan

symptoms...........?

If detected in its early stages, before it has spread from the ovaries a woman has a ninety percent chance of living for at least another five years. Unfortunately, less than twenty percent of ovarian cancer is detected in its early stage, Due to the fact that the symptoms of ovarian cancer don't involve the ovaries themselves the cancer many times can be overlooked as tests like stomach imaging can overlook the ovaries.This is not to say that every time a woman gets a stomach ache or pelvic pain she should dash off to be tested for ovarian cancer. In cases where problems are persistent though researchers have concluded that ovarian cancer should be considered. If tests have ruled out other causes than tests for ovarian cancer should be performed. Ovarian cancer is a relatively rare cancer in women, it afflicts a small part of the general population and makes up a small percentage of the cancers afflicting women in general.For the woman stricken with this form of cancer the statistics mean nothing though. So it appears from research findings that women have to take a greater part in the detection of this disease due to the nature of the symptoms and the elusive nature of this disease and with early detection so imperative in determining the survival rate of women afflicted with ovarian cancer.If tests have ruled out other causes for the symptoms than tests for ovarian cancer should be performed earlier in the diagnosis process. A womans early response to the persistent symptoms related to ovarian cancer can be the key to her survival. New research has discovered that ultrasound and the CA125 test were many times not effective in detecting ovarian cancer in its early stages even in women already at high risk for developing the disease.Women at high risk include women with a family history of the disease and women predisposed to it due to genetic mutations that can make ovarian cancer more likely. Of the two tests the blood test has shown to be more effective in finding ovarian cancer but it can sometimes give false positive results. Statistics are not good for the early detection of the cancer so other means must be developed it seems.Experts agree that more research is needed in the area of detection of the disease as this seems to be so critical in determining the survival rate for ovarian cancer. The symptoms will always be the same though so for their part women must make themselves more aware of this cancer and its early detection. Tracking the symptoms can only be of help. Keeping an accurate record of your early symptoms and being persistent during the evaluation process can be the difference between surviving and not surviving ovarian cancer.


By Adnan

Know about Ovarain Cancer

Women who have a prior history of breast cancer will also have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer at some time in their life. It is also said to be that women is at high risk in her advanced age. Some other factors are: A family history of osteoporosis. Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Anorexia nervosa. Vitamin D deficiency. Use of certain medications (corticosteroids, chemotherapy, anticonvulsants and others).The statistics for osteoporosis related fractures is downright scary - according to the NOF, A woman's risk of hip fracture is equal to her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer. One study linked dairy products to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.It has been observed that the majority of women with epithelial ovarian cancer are not diagnosed early enough. Note that radiation is rarely used in ovarian cancer treatment. In most instances, different kinds of anticancer drugs are prescribed in combination in order to speed up ovarian cancer treatment.



By Adnan

What is Ovarain Cancer ?

If you experience any of the above symptoms over two or three weeks and if it gets worse with time, you should get yourself tested for ovarian cancer. As these symptoms could be associated with any other disease or minor ailment, it is impossible to diagnose ovarian cancer on their merit alone. The doctor will conduct a pelvic exam, an abdominal or vaginal ultrasound, and a blood test to check for the presence of CA 125. None of these tests are conclusive in themselves. But, a positive count on two or more of the tests should be followed by a biopsy (laparotomy) or a laparoscopy to rule out or diagnose ovarian cancer. A very small percentage of women facing these symptoms are diagnosed with the dreaded disease. And sometimes, women can reach the very last stages of cancer with no symptoms at all. The best you can do is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and undergo an annual examination to catch the cancer before it metastasizes.

By:Adnan

Diagnostic Cancer Cancer............................?

Earlier detection and improved treatment have resulted in decreasing death rates, but better methods of detection may improve those rates even further. Mammography has long been the gold standard for detecting breast cancer and is widely available, but it has limitations for some women.In 2007, the American Cancer Society (ACS) updated its guidelines for breast cancer screening, recommending an annual MRI screening in addition to mammography for women deemed as "high risk."MRI is a noninvasive method of medical imaging that uses a magnetic field to obtain breast images, unlike mammography, which uses X-ray technology and compression of the breast. Some studies have also suggested that frequent radiation exposure from X-rays may actually increase a woman's risk of breast disease. Breast MRI provides 3-D pictures of both breasts, chest wall and the lymph nodes located under each arm. These high-resolution bilateral images have allowed specialists to make more accurate diagnoses and catch cancer at its earliest stage. Several recent studies featured in highly regarded publications such as The New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet have shown that breast MRI appears to be more sensitive than mammography. The Lancet study revealed that breast MRI detected 92 percent of surgically confirmed cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), compared to a 56 percent detection rate for mammography. An MRI system designed specifically to image breasts, such as the Aurora Breast MRI System, can actually detect cancerous growths as small as 1 mm.Younger women and Asian women in particular often have dense breast tissue (tissue comprised of more muscle than fat), which can be difficult to image using mammography. Studies have shown that breast MRI provides better detection of cancer in dense breasts. For women who have been diagnosed with cancer in one breast, a breast MRI system can often detect cancer in the other breast that may have been missed by mammography and clinical examination at the time of the initial diagnosis.


By Adnan

Learn about Breast Cancer........

The risks of breast cancer - who gets it, the pros and cons of different treatments, survival rates and more - are also much better quantified. While many claims are overblown, the effects of diet are becoming clearer. Many questions remain, but low estrogen producing diets and lifestyles are strongly indicated as beneficial. Low fat diets contribute to that as does regular exercise.Early detection and diagnosis has reached the stage where as few as 50 clumped cancer cells can be identified. Chemical tests for early detection are becoming cheaper and more sophisticated. Ultrasound is becoming more common. Treatments now range from the traditional lumpectomy or mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation to more advanced hormone treatments.Even with all the innovation, though, self-examination remains one of the best practices. It is in the individual's control and makes possible ferreting out anything requiring further investigation by more advanced methods. Mammograms remain a low cost, low risk and low discomfort method of detecting tumors. Recovery is quicker and fewer recurrences are seen, thanks to more precise diagnosis and treatment. Computer aided analysis in the form of digital mammography makes reviewing test results much more accurate than in years past.Where, tragically, a woman or man has contracted breast cancer and requires surgery, improved reconstructive techniques have lessened the harm. The FDA has recently taken silicon implants off the forbidden list. Implantation and plastic surgery in general have become less onerous. Patients are now often out of the hospital the same day as the surgery.It's commonplace today for nearly 100% of those who receive early diagnosis and treatment, while the breast cancer is still in Stage 0 or Stage I, to live longer than five years. Many never have any recurrence at all and are not bothered with breast cancer the rest of their lives.This once almost invariably fatal disease hasn't been reduced to the level of a mere annoyance. It remains a serious condition requiring careful consideration of all options. But thanks to modern medicine, while breast cancer once killed almost all its victims, individuals now typically enjoy a cancer free life after treatment.


By: Adnan

Know about Breast Cancer ......and more about it?

The most common reason for these lumps to form is that sacs of fluid (cysts) have grown in the breast or that some of the glandular tissue has become fibrous. This particular condition is commonly referred to by medical professionals as Fibroadenoma. Although any woman can suffer from these conditions they are far more likely to occur in women over the age of 35.However if you begin to notice some changes in your breast which have not been there before then it would be advisable to seek medical attention. The kinds of changes, which can often a prelude to a woman suffering from breast cancer, are as follows:-1. A lump has appeared or there is a thickening to a part of the breast that was not there previously. The size or shape of the breast has changed or there is now dimpling (similar in look to an orange skin) to the breast skin.2. A change has occurred in the shape of your nipple. So if you suddenly find that yours has turned in or sinks into the breast or has become irregular in shape then it is wise to seek medical assistance. Or if you notice that, your nipple has begun to discharge any kind of fluid, especially if it is blood colored.3. Another symptom of you possibly suffering from breast cancer is that there has a rash begun to appear on either the nipple or the area surrounding it.4. If after carrying out a self-examination of your breasts you find a lump either on the breast themselves or in your armpits, it is advisable that you seek medical attention as soon as possible.What is important for you to remember is that although the above symptoms may be a sign of you suffering from breast cancer there may be another medical condition, which could be causing them. Therefore if you are worried at any stage after carrying out a breast examination for yourself you should seek medical advice as soon as possible.Certainly the early the symptoms of breast cancer can be diagnosed then the earlier treatment can be started. Which provides you with a much higher chance of actually surviving what was once a major killer of women in the world a few years ago.



By Adnan

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Malignant tumors are made of abnormal cells. Malignant tumor cells can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. A malignant tumor that develops in the breast is called breast cancer.To continue growing, malignant breast tumors need to be fed. They get nourishment by developing new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. The new blood vessels supply the tumor with nutrients that promote growth. As the malignant breast tumor grows, it can expand into nearby tissue. This process is called invasion. Cells can also break away from the primary, or main, tumor and spread to other parts of the body. The cells spread by traveling through the blood stream and lymphatic system. This process is called metastasis. When malignant breast cells appear in a new location, they begin to divide and grow out of control again as they create another tumor. Even though the new tumor is growing in another part of the body, it is still called breast cancer. The most common locations of breast cancer metastases are the lymph nodes, liver, brain, bones and lungs.There are genes that control the way our cells divide and grow. When these genes don't work like they should, a genetic error, or mutation, has occurred. Mutations may be inherited or spontaneous. Inherited mutations are ones you were born with - an abnormal gene that one of your parents passed on to you at birth. Inherited mutations of specific genes, such as the BRCAI and BRCA2 genes, increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Spontaneous mutations can occur within your body during your lifetime. The actual cause or causes of mutations still remains unknown. Researchers have identified two types of genes that are important to cell growth. Errors in these genes turn normal cells into cancerous ones. You need to be aware that cells may be growing out of control before any symptoms of the disease appear. That is why breast screening to find any early changes is so important. The sooner a problem is found, the better a your chance is for survival. Experts recommend that women 40 years and older have a mammogram every year. If you have a history of breast cancer in your family, talk with your doctor about risk assessment, when to start getting mammograms and how often to have them. If your mother or sister had breast cancer before menopause, you may need to start getting mammograms and yearly clinical breast exams before age 40. It is important for all women to have clinical breast exams done by a health care provider at least every three years starting at age 20 and every year after age 40 and to do breast self-exams once every month starting by age 20.


By Adnan

Learn about Breast Cancer and more about it.......?

There are no symptoms and no pain in early cancer. Cancer is first suspected when an individual discovers a breast lump or when an abnormality is found on mammography. Though all breast lumps are not necessarily cancerous, it is important to get them evaluated by a doctor to rule out the incidence of cancer. Other signs of cancer could be a lump above the collarbone or in the armpit that does not go away or nipple inversion that is a new development and was not present earlier. Breast discharge that is bloody or only from one breast are also cause for concern and should be checked by a doctor. Risk Factors for CancerGender, age and hereditary factors are the three major determining factors for breast cancer. Gender is a critical factor and women are at a much higher risk of developing breast cancer than men. Though breast cancer can occur at any age, the risk increases with age. A 60 year old woman has a 1 in 30 chance of developing cancer as opposed to a 30 year old woman who has once chance in 280. Women who have a family history of cancer are also at a higher risk of developing cancer. When to seek Medical CareBreast cancer is not an overnight development; it develops and grows over months and years. However once it is identified, treatment should be sought immediately as breast cancer is much more difficult to treat when it spreads. It is critical that you see a doctor as soon as possible if you notice any of the possible symptoms of cancer or if any abnormality has been found in your mammogram. Treatment of Breast CancerTreatment of cancer has the highest success rate is treatment is started in the early stages. There are several different treatment methods available, which are often used in combination taking into consideration individual circumstances. Some of the possible treatment methods include: Chemotherapy- where the cancer cells are controlled or killed with a course of drugs.Radiotherapy- where the cancer cells are controlled or killed with a course of high energy X-rays.Surgery- this could involve either a lumpectomy, where the cancer along with a small part of the breast surrounding it is removed or a mastectomy , where the entire breast is removed. Hormone therapy- this form of treatment is used to control the growth of breast cancer that develops and grows due to changes in hormones.


By Adnan

Prostate Cancer ......................more about

On the surface therefore it could appear that the prostate cancer biopsy is not a very effective test but the results do not in fact show that there is anything wrong with the prostate biopsy procedure as a tool for confirming prostate cancer. However, what is does show is the need to spot those patients who, despite returning a negative result, are nevertheless at considerable risk from prostate cancer and ought therefore to undergo a second follow-up biopsy.The problem is that until recently there has not been an easy way of identifying patients at risk. Luckily, a recent study of over 500 patients being investigated for prostate cancer could now provide a solution.All of the individuals investigated in the study had previously received a negative prostate biopsy result but researchers found that when they studied the men's PSA test results and these were adjusted for the size of the prostate they were able to identify those patients who were likely to return positive results on a follow-up biopsy.The researchers also found that patients who had a Gleeson score of 7 or more were at greater risk from life-threatening prostate cancer and were once again more likely to record a positive result on a second biopsy. The Gleeson score is measured on a scale from 2 to 10 and the score is derived from a microscopic investigation of prostate biopsy tissue. Low scores point to cancer with a small risk of spread while high scores point to cancer that is more likely to spread.There are a variety of prostate biopsy procedures used now but possibly the most common procedure is known as the core needle biopsy. Here a number of very small tissue samples are removed from different areas of the prostrate using a biopsy gun that shoots a needle into the chosen area to remove the sample in just a fraction of a second. These samples are then sent for microscopic analysis to determine whether or not cancer is present and, if it is, to establish exactly how much of the prostate is affected.A prostate cancer biopsy is a costly procedure and is a test that can also be very distressing for the patient. It can also be a quite painful procedure that may be accompanied by bleeding and a risk of infection. As a consequence it is important to spot those patients for whom a second biopsy is sensible and to reduce as far as we can the number of preventable follow-up biopsies being performed every year.

By Adnan